The Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensor operates on the principle of photoconductivity. This means its electrical conductivity (and therefore its resistance) changes in response to light exposure. When light shines on the LDR, photons excite electrons in the semiconductor material, causing them to jump to a higher energy level and become free to carry current, reducing the resistance. The brighter the light, the more electrons are excited, and the lower the resistance becomes.
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